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Citing
Electronic Resources
Child
Development Institute Receives inquiries about how to cite
information from our web page in written documents such as
term papers. The following format is suggested based on
current standards. You should consult with your instructor
for any specific guidelines to follow for your specific
project.
Myers, Robert
(Editor). ([Last Date Updated]) [Name of Page], Child
Development Institute [Online] Available: http://www.childdevelopmentinfo.com/
[Name of Page File] [Access year, date]
The following is
an example for our page on Self-esteem:
Myers, Robert
(Editor). (December 18, 1999) Helping Your Child
Develop Self-Esteem, Child Development Institute
[Online] Available: http://www.childdevelopmentinfo.com/self_esteem.htm
[1999, December 19]
For additional
information we have included the following article from the
National Parent Information Network (ERIC)
Citing
Electronic Resources on NPIN
NPIN staff frequently receive
questions about citing resources on NPIN, particularly
concerning texts in the "Resources for Parents/Full Text of
Parenting-Related Materials" section and articles from
Parent News. In response to these questions, this page
has been compiled to provide instructions and examples on
how to cite NPIN electronic resources. The practice of
citing electronic resources is still new enough that
definitive formats have not yet been developed. However,
various publishing houses and authorities have begun to
prepare tentative formats.
The instructions and examples
below are based on citation styles from the American
Psychological Association (APA) and the Modern Language
Association (MLA). The formats of the examples in these
styles are taken from Electronic Styles: A Handbook for
Citing Electronic Information by Li and Crane.
Information about this and other electronic citation style
guides is provided in the List of
Guides on Citing Electronic Sources at the bottom of
this page.
The International
Organization for Standardization (ISO) has also devised
standards for bibliographic citation of electronic
resources. See the List of Guides on
Citing Electronic Sources for a link to an ISO standards
document. Note that, among these styles and standards, the
APA style uses the document URL as a substitute for the
"publication element" of the citation. The MLA style and the
ISO standard provide, along with the URL, additional
publication information, making it likelier that a reader
can locate the cited item if the URL should change.
In the examples below:
Type of medium = Online
URL = the complete URL of the page
Access date = the date the user actually viewed the page
1. APA-based citation format for articles
from periodicals available in HTTP (i.e., Web documents;
this includes all NPIN documents).
1A. Journal
article with an author
Author. (Year). Title of
article. Title of Journal [Type of medium].
volume(issue), paging if given or other indication
of length. Available: URL [Access year, date].
1B. Journal
article, no author indicated
Title of article. (Year).
Title of Journal [Type of medium]. volume(issue),
paging if given or other indication of length.
Available: URL [Access year, date].
1C. Magazine
or newsletter article, with an author
Author. (Year, month
day). Title of article. Title of Magazine or
Newsletter [Type of medium], volume number,
paging if given or other indication of length.
Available: URL [Access year, date].
EXAMPLE from Parent News monthly magazine
viewed on March 15, 1998:
Reese,
Debbie. (1998, March). Young children and racism.
Parent News [Online], 4(3), 12 paragraphs.
Available: http://npin.org/pnews/1998/pnew398/pnew398b.html
[1998, March 15].
1D. Magazine
or newsletter article, no author indicated
Title of article. (Year).
Title of Magazine or Newsletter [Type of
medium]. volume number, paging if given or
other indication of length. Available: URL [Access year,
date].
EXAMPLE from Parent News monthly magazine
viewed on March 15, 1998:
States
alter driving laws: Look to parents to be involved in
teaching their teens to drive. (1998, March). Parent
News [Online], 4(3), 11 paragraphs. Available:
http://npin.org/pnews/1998/pnew398/pnew398g.html [1998,
March 15].
2. APA-based citation format for full-text resources
available in HTTP (i.e., Web documents; this includes
all NPIN documents). Note that in the APA-based style, the
URL replaces the publisher and place of publication
information that is given in a citation to a print resource.
2A. Entire
work, with an author or editor
Author/editor. (Year).
Title of work [Type of medium]. Available: URL
[Access year, date].
EXAMPLE of an
ERIC Digest from the "Full Texts of Parenting-Related
Materials / Teens" section of NPIN Resources for Parents
viewed on March 15, 1998. (See the citation to the same work
in MLA-based format below.)
Summerfield, Liane. (1990). Adolescents and AIDS
[Online]. Available: http://npin.org/respar/texts/teens/aids.html
[1998, March 15].
2B. Entire
work, author or editor not indicated
Title of work [Type of
medium]. (Year). Available: URL [Access year, date].
2C. Part of
a work, with an author or editor
Author/editor. (Year).
Title of part of work. In Title of Source Work
[Type of medium]. Available: URL [Access year, date].
2D. Part of
a work, author or editor not indicated
Title of part of work.
(Year). In Title of Source Work [Type of
medium]. Available: URL [Access year, date].
EXAMPLE of a
text from the "Full Texts of Parenting-Related Materials /
Parents and Families in Society" section of NPIN Resources
for Parents viewed on March 15, 1998. (See the citation to
the same work in MLA-based format below.)
Breastfeeding support at the workplace can have bottom
line impact. (n.d.) In Business, Babies & the Bottom
Line: Corporate Innovations and Best Practices in
Maternal and Child Health [Online]. Available:
http://npin.org/respar/texts/parfami/feed497.html [1998,
March 15].
3. MLA-based citation format for full-text resources
available in HTTP (i.e., Web documents; this includes all
NPIN documents). Note that in the MLA-based style, the
publisher and place of publication information are included
along with the URL. The source of the electronic
information, which may be different from the publisher, is
also included. This style gives the reader a little more
information to locate the text if the URL changes, by
searching for the Web site of the publisher.
3A. Entire
work, with an author or editor (NOTE: If author or editor is
not indicated, simply start the citation with the title of
work.)
Author/editor. Title
of work. Place of publication: publisher, date.
Source of electronic information if available. Type of
medium. Available: URL. Access date month year.
EXAMPLE of an
ERIC Digest from the "Full Texts of Parenting-Related
Materials / Teens" section of NPIN Resources for Parents
viewed on March 15, 1998. (See the citation to the same work
in the APA-based format above.)
Summerfield, Liane. Adolescents and AIDS. Washington,
DC: ERIC Clearinghouse on Teaching and Teacher
Education, 1990. Online. National Parent Information
Network. Available: http://npin.org/respar/texts/teens/aids.html.
15 March 1998.
3B. Part of
a work, with an author or editor (NOTE: If author or editor
is not indicated, simply start the citation with the "Title
of part.")
Author/editor. "Title of
Part." Title of Source Work. Edition statement
if any. Publication information for printed source if
available. Type of medium. Source of electronic text if
available. Available: URL. Access date month year.
EXAMPLE of a
text from the "Full Texts of Parenting-Related Materials /
Parents and Families in Society" section of NPIN Resources
for Parents viewed on March 15, 1998. (See the citation to
the same work in APA-based format above.)
"Breastfeeding Support at the Workplace Can Have Bottom
Line Impact." Business, Babies & the Bottom Line:
Corporate Innovations and Best Practices in Maternal and
Child Health. Online. National Parent Information
Network. Available: http://npin.org/respar/texts/parfami/feed497.html.
15 March 1998.
Li, Xia & Crane, Nancy B.
(1996). Electronic styles: A handbook for citing
electronic information. Medford, NJ: Information Today,
Inc.
This book explains APA-embellished
and MLA-embellished citation styles for works in
full-text databases, periodicals in full-text databases,
discussion lists, newsgroups, individual email, U.S.
government documents, legal sources, and international
documents. Information is provided for CD-ROM, Email,
FTP, Gopher, HTTP, Telnet, Usenet, and WAIS. This book
is a revision of the authors’ 1993 work, Electronic
Style: A Guide to Citing Electronic Information.
Guide for Citing Electronic
Information
This text is based on the
Li and Crane book.
Chicago manual of style
(14th ed.). (1993). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
The latest edition (14th)
of this style manual has instructions (on page 633) on
citing electronic sources, but these instructions are
not extensive.
Publication manual of the
American Psychological Association (4th ed.). (1994).
Washington: American Psychological Association.
The latest edition (4th)
of the APA Style Manual has instructions (on page 218)
on citing electronic sources, but these instructions are
not extensive.
However, there are updates to
the APA style manual on the Internet:
Web Extension to American
Psychological Association Style (WEAPAS): Proposed Standards
for Referencing Online Documents in Scientific Publications
http://www.beadsland.com/weapas/
This site has some links to
other electronic-source style sheets:
APA Publication Manual Crib Sheet
http://www.wooster.edu/psychology/apa-crib.html
MLA-Style
Citations of Electronic Sources (by Janice R. Walker)
http://www.cas.usf.edu/english/walker/mla.html |
